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Al-Khazini

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This article is about the 12th century scientist. For the 10th century astronomer and physician, see Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin.
al-Khazini
Born11th century
Seljuk Empire
Died12th century
OccupationScientist
Scientific career
FieldsAstronomy, Mathematics, Physics

Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini or simply al-Khāzini (أبوالفتح عبدالرحمن منصور الخازنی (Persian), flourished 1115–1130) was an Iranian astronomer and physicist of Byzantine Greek origin who lived during the Seljuk Empire.[1][2][3][4] His astronomical tables written under the patronage of Sultan Sanjar (Zīj al-Sanjarī, 1115) is considered to be one of the major works in mathematical astronomy of the medieval period.[5]: 107  He is considered to have been one of the greatest scientists of his era,[6] among the greatest makers of scientific instruments of any time,[7] and as "the physicist of all physicists".[8]

Al-Khazini is one of the few Islamic astronomers to be known for doing original observations.[9] He provided the positions of fixed stars, and for oblique ascensions and time-equations for the latitude of Marv in which he was based.[10]: 197  He also wrote extensively on various calendrical systems and on the various manipulations of the calendars.[5] Al-Khazini was the author of an encyclopedia on scales and water-balances called The Book of the Balance of Wisdom (Kitab Mizan al-Hikmah, 1121), which explored theories of density, specific gravities of metals, precious stones, and liquids, as well as principles of equilibrium.[11][12] The book is thought to have been "one of the most sophisticated and advanced balances to be designed and manufactured in the medieval Islamic".[13]

Life

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Al-Khazini was an emancipated slave in Marv,[10]: 197 [14] which was then one of the most important cities of Khorasan. He got his name from his master (Abu‘l Husayn ‘Alī ibn Muhammad al-Khāzin al-Marwazī) who was the treasurer of Marv.[5]: 107  The term khāzin was simply the title of the royal treasurer since the early Islamic period.[15] His master made provisions so that al-Khazini could obtain a first-class education.[5] Some believe that al-Khazini was a pupil of Omar Khayyam.[14] While this is not known, he wrote about Khayyam, in particular, he gave a description of the water-balance invented by him (and improved upon by Al-Isfizari).[10]: 176  And according to some sources, he collaborated with him on the reformation of the Persian calendar in 1079.[16]: 199 

Al-Khazini was known for being a humble man. He refused thousands of Dinar for his works, saying he did not need much to live on because it was only his cat and himself in his household.[11] Al-Khazini was one of only about twenty astronomers of the Islamic era who performed original observations.[11] His works reached Byzantium in the 14th century, in particular, they were studied by George Chrysococces and later by Theodore Meliteniotes.[5]: 107 

Achievements

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Al Khazini seems to have been a high government official under Sanjar ibn Malikshah and the sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He did most of his work in Merv, where they are known for their libraries.[11] His best-known works are "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom", "Treatise on Astronomical Wisdom", and "The Astronomical Tables for Sanjar".[11]

"The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" is an encyclopedia of medieval mechanics and hydrostatics composed of eight books with fifty chapters.[11] It is a study of the hydrostatic balance and the ideas behind statics and hydrostatics, it also covers other unrelated topics.[11] There are four different manuscripts of "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" that have survived.[11] The balance al-Khazini built for Sanjar's treasury was modeled after the balance al-Asfizari, who was a generation older than al-Khazini, built.[11] Sanjar's treasurer out of fear destroyed al-Asfizari's balance; he was filled with grief when he heard the news.[11] Al-Khazini called his balance "combined balance" to show honor towards Al-Asfizari.[11] The meaning of the balance was a "balance of true judgment".[11] The job of this balance was to help the treasury see what metals were precious and which gems were real or fake.[11] In "The Book of the Balance of Wisdom" al-Khazini states many different examples from the Koran ways that his balance fits into religion.[11] When al-Khazini explains the advantages of his balance he says that it "performs the functions of skilled craftsmen", its benefits are theoretical and practical precision.[11]

The "Treatise on Astronomical Wisdom" is a relatively short work.[11] It has seven parts and each part is assigned to a different scientific instrument.[11] The seven instruments include: a triquetrum, a dioptra, a "triangular instrument," a quadrant, devices involving reflection, an astrolabe, and simple tips for viewing things with the naked eye.[11] The treatise describes each instrument and its uses.[11]

"The Astronomical Tables for Sanjar" is said to have been composed for Sultan Sanjar, the ruler of Merv and his balance was made for Sanjar's treasury.[11] The tables in "The Astronomical Tables for Sanjar" are tables of holidays, fasts, etc.[11] The tables are said to have the latitudes and longitudes of forty-three different stars, along with their magnitudes and (astrological) temperaments.[11] It is said that al-Khazini's observations for this work were probably done in Merv in various observatories with high quality instruments.[11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Vernet, J. (2012-04-24). "al-K̲h̲āzinī". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.
  2. ^ Winter, H. J. J. (February 1986). "PERSIAN SCIENCE IN SAFAVID TIMES". The Cambridge History of Iran.
  3. ^ "پژوهش‌های ایرانی | سرنوشت خازنی: داستان غم انگیز دانشمندان ایران" (in Persian). Retrieved 2020-04-08.
  4. ^ Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (2011) [1950]. The Story of Civilization: The Age of Faith. Simon & Schuster. p. 352. ISBN 9781451647617.
  5. ^ a b c d e Montelle, C. (2011). The ‘Well-Known Calendars’: Al-Khāzinī’s Description of Significant Chronological Systems for Medieval Mathematical Astronomy in Arabic. In Steele J. (Ed.), Calendars and Years II: Astronomy and Time in the Ancient and Medieval World (pp. 107-126). Oxford; Oakville: Oxbow Books.
  6. ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1992). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 215. ISBN 978-81-208-1596-4.
  7. ^ Robert E. Hall (1973). "Al-Khazini", Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. VII, p. 336.
  8. ^ Afridi, Muhammad Adil (2013). "Contribution of Muslim Scientists to the World: An Overview of Some Selected Fields". Revelation and Science. 3 (01): 44. doi:10.31436/revival.v3i01.86.
  9. ^ Al-Khāzinī, Abu’l-Fath ‘Abd Al-Raḥmān [Sometimes Abū Manṣūr ’ Abd Al-Raḥmān or ’Abd Al-Rahmān Manṣūr]., In: Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography., 2008, pp. 335–351
  10. ^ a b c Meyerhof, M. (1948). 'Alī al-Bayhaqī's Tatimmat Siwān al-Hikma: A Biographical Work on Learned Men of the Islam. Osiris, 8, 122-217.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Al-Khāzinī, Abu'l-Fath 'Abd Al-Raḥmān [Sometimes Abū Manṣūr ' Abd Al-Raḥmān or 'Abd Al-Rahmān Manṣūr]., Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography., 2008, pp. 335–351
  12. ^ Khanikoff, N. “Analysis and Extracts of كتاب ميزان الحكمة Book of the Balance of Wisdom, An Arabic Work on the Water-Balance, Written by ’Al-Khâzinî in the Twelfth Century.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 6, 1858, pp. 1–128. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/592172. Accessed 16 Dec. 2024.
  13. ^ Yassi, Yousef; Yassi, Reza (2020). "Al-Khazini's Balance of Wisdom: A Masterpiece of Medieval Engineering". Nuncius. 36 (1): 49–66. doi:10.1163/18253911-03503003. ISSN 0394-7394.
  14. ^ a b Rosenfeld, B. (1994), Book reviews: Middle ages & renaissance., Journal of the History of Science in Society, pp. 85(4), 686
  15. ^ Floor, Willem. "kazinadar". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  16. ^ Mehdi Aminrazavi, The Wine of Wisdom: The Life, Poetry and Philosophy of Omar Khayyam, Oneworld Publications (2007)
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